The public-“private development (PPD) model created in Tübingen, Germany, exemplifies an alternative to traditional PPD practices that engage high-capacity business stakeholders, such as large developers and real estate investment firms. Although working in a context of fiscal duress, the local progressive urban regime created a PPD partnership to impede private investment from distorting development patterns. Public authorities deployed a 3-pronged approach: they maintained an authoritative position, created different stages and modes for participation, and diffused power over multiple small developer groups. They did not pursue a progrowth policy agenda but sought to produce broader social values through a community-building governance strategy and the promotion of what Imrobscio (2013) calls an -œownership paradigm.- The model points to a well-calibrated urban regeneration strategy that creates a positive synergy between the regulatory authority and the administrative and fiscal capacity of the local state and private sector and community entrepreneurialism.
